Potential of Mie-Fluorescence-Raman Lidar to Profile Chlorophyll a Concentration in Inland Waters.

Vertical distribution of phytoplankton is crucial for assessing the trophic status and primary production in inland waters. However, there is sparse information about phytoplankton vertical distribution due to the lack of sufficient measurements. Here, we report, to the best of our knowledge, the first Mie-fluorescence-Raman lidar (MFRL) measurements of continuous chlorophyll a (Chl-a) profiles as well as their parametrization in inland water. The lidar-measured Chl-a during several experiments showed good agreement with the in situ data. A case study verified that MFRL had the potential to profile the Chl-a concentration. The results revealed that the maintenance of subsurface chlorophyll maxima (SCM) was influenced by light and nutrient inputs. Furthermore, inspired by the observations from MFRL, an SCM model built upon surface Chl-a concentration and euphotic layer depth was proposed with root mean square relative difference of 16.5% compared to MFRL observations, providing the possibility to map 3D Chl-a distribution in aquatic ecosystems by integrated active-passive remote sensing technology. Profiling and modeling Chl-a concentration with MFRL are expected to be of paramount importance for monitoring inland water ecosystems and environments.

Comprehensive, Continuous, and Vertical Measurements of Seawater Constituents with Triple-Field-of-View High-Spectral-Resolution Lidar.

Measuring the characteristics of seawater constituent is in great demand for studies of marine ecosystems and biogeochemistry. However, existing techniques based on remote sensing or in situ samplings present various tradeoffs with regard to the diversity, synchronism, temporal-spatial resolution, and depth-resolved capacity of their data products. Here, we demonstrate a novel oceanic triple-field-of-view (FOV) high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL) with an iterative retrieval approach. This technique provides, for the first time, comprehensive, continuous, and vertical measurements of seawater absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, and slope of particle size distribution, which are validated by simulations and field experiments. Furthermore, it depicts valuable application potentials in the accuracy improvement of seawater classification and the continuous estimation of depth-resolved particulate organic carbon export. The triple-FOV HSRL with high performance could greatly increase the knowledge of seawater constituents and promote the understanding of marine ecosystems and biogeochemistry.

Correlation between Apolipoprotein A1 and the Occurrence and Prognosis of Cardiovascular Events in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients.

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the value of apolipoprotein A1 in assessing the occurrence and prognosis of cardiovascular events in peritoneal dialysis patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted based on the clinical information of 80 end-stage renal disease patients who underwent peritoneal dialysis at Zhuji People's Hospital Zhejiang Province from January 2015 to December 2016. Based on the median value of apolipoprotein A1, patients were evenly distributed as either High Apolipoprotein A1 Group (H-ApoA1, > 1.145g/L, n = 40) or Low Apolipoprotein A1 Group (L-ApoA1, < 1.145g/L, n = 40). RESULTS: When compared with the H-ApoA1 group, the L-ApoA1 group patients were observed to have higher BMI, total Kt/V, hemoglobin, AKP, glycated hemoglobin, HOMA-IR, HDL levels, while simultaneously having lower total Ccr, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, CRP levels (p < 0.05). Further analysis found that the all-cause mortality rate, cardiovascular death rate, and cardiovascular event rates were significantly higher in L-ApoA1 group patients than the H-ApoA1 group (p < 0.05); no statistical significance was found for mortality rates due to infection, abandon treatment, tumor, failure, gastrointestinal bleeding or undetermined reasons between the two groups (p > 0.05). In addition, the median all-cause mortality and median occurrence of cardiovascular events of L-ApoA1 group patients were observed to be shorter than the H-ApoA1 group (p < 0.05), and apolipoprotein A1 is a risk factor for all-cause mortality rate and cardiovascular occurrence end-point events (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Peritoneal dialysis patients with a reduced level of apolipoprotein A1 have a poorer prognosis and more severe cardiovascular events.

Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease on Outcomes of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on adverse cardiovascular outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is still unclear. This study aimed to systematically assess evidence on this topic. METHODS: The PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL databases were searched for studies comparing mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), or revascularization outcomes between patients with DM with and without CKD. RESULTS: In 11 studies, the presence of CKD was associated with significantly increased risk of early all-cause mortality (risk ratio [RR], 3.45; 95% CI, 3.07-3.87; I2 = 0%; P < .001), late all-cause mortality (RR, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.92-4.02; I2 = 83%; P < .001), cardiac mortality (RR, 2.90; 95% CI, 1.99-4.22; I2 = 29%; P < .001), and MI (RR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.06-1.85; I2 = 13%; P = .02) compared with no CKD. There was no difference in the risk of any revascularization between those with and without CKD. Analysis of adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) indicated significantly increased risk of mortality (HR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.91-3.64; I2 = 0%; P < .001) in the CKD group but only a nonsignificant tendency of increased MI (HR, 1.59; 95% CI, 0.99-2.54; I2 = 0%; P = .05) and revascularization (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 0.94-1.63; I2 = 2%; P = .12) in the CKD group. CONCLUSION: The presence of CKD in patients with DM significantly increases the risk of mortality and MI. However, CKD had no impact on revascularization rates.

Shipborne oceanic high-spectral-resolution lidar for accurate estimation of seawater depth-resolved optical properties.

Lidar techniques present a distinctive ability to resolve vertical structure of optical properties within the upper water column at both day- and night-time. However, accuracy challenges remain for existing lidar instruments due to the ill-posed nature of elastic backscatter lidar retrievals and multiple scattering. Here we demonstrate the high performance of, to the best of our knowledge, the first shipborne oceanic high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL) and illustrate a multiple scattering correction algorithm to rigorously address the above challenges in estimating the depth-resolved diffuse attenuation coefficient Kd and the particulate backscattering coefficient bbp at 532 nm. HSRL data were collected during day- and night-time within the coastal areas of East China Sea and South China Sea, which are connected by the Taiwan Strait. Results include vertical profiles from open ocean waters to moderate turbid waters and first lidar continuous observation of diel vertical distribution of thin layers at a fixed station. The root-mean-square relative differences between the HSRL and coincident in situ measurements are 5.6% and 9.1% for Kd and bbp, respectively, corresponding to an improvement of 2.7-13.5 and 4.9-44.1 times, respectively, with respect to elastic backscatter lidar methods. Shipborne oceanic HSRLs with high performance are expected to be of paramount importance for the construction of 3D map of ocean ecosystem.

Hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach with metastatic choriocarcinoma of the liver: A case report of a rare subtype of gastric cancer with a complex treatment course.

Gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma and hepatic choriocarcinoma are rare diseases in clinical settings, and the case we report here is a combination of both. A 66-year-old woman presented with a chief complaint of abdominal discomfort. The patient was examined using gastroscopy and computed tomography (CT) scan, and these revealed an irregular surface ulcer on the wall of the gastric antrum. A mass, 2.0 cm in diameter, was found in the liver in April 2020. The endoscopic biopsy findings were consistent with a diagnosis of moderately to poorly differentiated hepatoid adenocarcinoma. She was then referred to our hospital for further treatment. Initially, neoadjuvant therapy was initiated for the patient. The CT scan showed that the liver metastases had progressed; hence, surgery was performed. Postoperative pathology showed that the gastric lesions were mostly hepatoid adenocarcinoma with no choriocarcinoma, while the liver lesions comprised approximately 10% hepatoid adenocarcinoma and 90% choriocarcinoma. One month later, the patient developed tumor recurrence in the liver as observed on CT imaging. Subsequently, a variety of chemotherapy regimens were tried with no obvious results. The patient eventually developed multiple organ metastasis and died in July 2021. The overall survival was 16 months. Based on findings from this case report, it appears that initial neoadjuvant therapy was not effective and radical surgery may be the best treatment for patients with hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach.

Effects of Preoperative Electroacupuncture on Remifentanil-Induced Post-Infusion Hyperalgesia in Patients Undergoing Thyroidectomy: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: Electroacupuncture (EA) delivered one day before surgery could reduce postoperative pain. Remifentanil-induced post-infusion hyperalgesia (RPH) was occurred after exposure to high-dose remifentanil. This study aimed to investigate the effects of preoperative EA on RPH in patients undergoing thyroidectomy. Methods: A total of 80 patients who were scheduled to undergo elective thyroidectomy were randomly assigned to two groups: an EA group and a sham EA (SEA) group. EA was delivered at the Zusanli (ST36) and Neiguan (PC6) acupoints 24 h before the surgery. To ensure uniformity across all patients, remifentanil was administered at the same set rate (0.3 µg/kg/min) to all patients. Mechanical pain thresholds were recorded by an electronic von Frey device around the skin incision and on the arm before surgery as well as at 30 min and 6, 24, and 48 h after surgery. Results: At 30 min and 6 h after surgery, the EA group showed considerably greater mechanical pain thresholds surrounding the surgical site compared with the SEA group. At 30 min and 6 h after surgery, the patients in the SEA group showed a greater incidence of postoperative hyperalgesia surrounding the surgical site than those in the EA group. At 24 and 48 h after surgery, no significant differences were found between the two groups, although the pain intensity of the EA group was less than that of the SEA group. There were also no substantial differences between the two groups in the frequency of postoperative adverse reactions and rescue analgesia needed. Conclusion: EA administered 24 h before surgery could alleviate RPH in patients undergoing thyroidectomy.

Electroacupuncture Ameliorates Tibial Fracture-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction by Elevating α7nAChR Expression and Suppressing Mast Cell Degranulation in the Hippocampus of Rats.

Intracerebral neuroinflammation, closely related to brain mast cell (MC) activation, performs an integral function in the pathogenic process of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). In addition to regulating cognitive activities, the alpha-7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) engages in the progression of cognitive deficiency. In this research, we aimed to investigate how electroacupuncture (EA) affects the cognitive function in rats after tibial fracture surgery to determine whether the underlying mechanism involves the inhibition of hippocampal MC degranulation via α7nAChR. A rat model of tibial fracture surgery for inducing POCD was developed and subjected to treatment with EA or the α7nAChR antagonist α-bungarotoxin (α-BGT) and the α7nAChR agonist PHA-543613. The spatial memory tasks in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test showed that both EA and PHA-543613-treated rats performed significantly better than untreated rats, with reduced escape latency and increased frequency of passage through the platform. However, EA and PHA-543613 intervention decreased the protein and mRNA levels of High-mobility group box-1(HMGB-1) and proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) in the serum and hippocampus, respectively, by upregulating α7nAChR in the hippocampus. Furthermore, EA and PHA-543613 pretreatment reduced the number of activated MCs and suppressed neuronal apoptosis after tibial fracture surgery in the hippocampal CA1 regions, which was reversed by α-BGT. The findings indicated that EA pretreatment ameliorated POCD after tibial fracture surgery in rats by inhibiting brain MC activation and neuroinflammation mediated by the α7nAChR-dependent cholinergic anti-inflammatory system.

Dual-field-of-view high-spectral-resolution lidar: Simultaneous profiling of aerosol and water cloud to study aerosol-cloud interaction.

SignificanceAerosol-cloud interaction affects the cooling of Earth's climate, mostly by activation of aerosols as cloud condensation nuclei that can increase the amount of sunlight reflected back to space. But the controlling physical processes remain uncertain in current climate models. We present a lidar-based technique as a unique remote-sensing tool without thermodynamic assumptions for simultaneously profiling diurnal aerosol and water cloud properties with high resolution. Direct lateral observations of cloud properties show that the vertical structure of low-level water clouds can be far from being perfectly adiabatic. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that, instead of an increase of liquid water path (LWP) as proposed by most general circulation models, elevated aerosol loading can cause a net decrease in LWP.

Electroacupuncture Pretreatment Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Regulating Mitophagy via mTOR-ULK1/FUNDC1 Axis in Rats.

OBJECTIVE: Electroacupuncture (EA) pretreatment has been shown to alleviate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. To investigate the involvement of mTOR signaling in the protective role of EA in I/R-induced brain damage and mitochondrial injury. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley male rats were pretreated with vehicle, EA (at Baihui and Shuigou acupoints), or rapamycin + EA for 30 min daily for 5 consecutive days, followed by the middle cerebral artery occlusion to induce I/R injury. The neurological functions of the rats were assessed using the Longa neurological deficit scores. The rats were sacrificed immediately after neurological function assessment. The brains were obtained for the measurements of cerebral infarct area. The mitochondrial structural alterations were observed under transmission electron microscopy. The mitochondrial membrane potential changes were detected by JC-1 staining. The alterations in autophagy-related protein expression were examined using Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Compared with untreated I/R rats, EA-pretreated rats exhibited significantly decreased neurological deficit scores and cerebral infarct volumes. EA pretreatment also reversed I/R-induced mitochondrial structural abnormalities and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, EA pretreatment downregulated the protein expression of LC3-II, p-ULK1, and FUNDC1 while upregulating the protein expression of p-mTORC1 and LC3-I. Rapamycin effectively blocked the above-mentioned effects of EA. CONCLUSION: EA pretreatment at Baihui and Shuigou alleviates cerebral I/R injury and mitochondrial impairment in rats through activating the mTORC1 signaling. The suppression of autophagy-related p-ULK1/FUNDC1 pathway is involved in the neuroprotective effects of EA.

Electroacupuncture Pretreatment against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury through Mitophagy.

Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury can induce the mitophagy of neurons in the ischemic brain. Electroacupuncture (EA) pretreatment has a protective effect on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, its internal mechanism still needs to be further studied. The present study's purpose is to investigate whether mitophagy is involved in neuroprotection elicited by EA pretreatment in a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The rats were pretreated with vehicle, EA at the Baihui (GV20) and Shuigou (GV26) acupoints 30 min daily, for 5 days consecutively prior to the focal cerebral ischemia injury induced by the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Compared to the sham group, the neurological scores, infarction volume, number of autophagosomes, FUNDC1, p62, and the ratio of LC3-II/I were significantly increased but mitochondrial membrane potential and autophagy-related protein p-mTORC1 significantly decreased in the I/R group. However, EA pretreatment significantly reversed these trends. Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that EA pretreatment protected the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury which maybe correlated with mitophagy.

Instrument response effects on the retrieval of oceanic lidar.

Seawater properties can be retrieved from oceanic lidar returns. However, the actual returns include the ideal returns convolved by the instrument response, which inevitably introduces retrieval error. In this paper, instrument response effects on the retrieval of oceanic lidar are analyzed from different aspects. The results demonstrate that the retrieval of the lidar attenuation coefficient near the water surface is affected by the instrument response in homogeneous water. Considering the ratio of the signal distortion region (relative error of attenuation >10%) to the maximum detection depth (three dynamic ranges) is less than 20%, the pulse width of the instrument response should be less than 10-0.042(Kd)-2+0.709(Kd)-1+1.136ns. In addition, an average relative error of 55% will be introduced to the retrieval of phytoplankton layer thickness in the stratified water, which can be reduced to 6% after correcting for the influence of the instrument response. However, a relative error greater than 20% still exists when the instrument response length is two times larger than the layer thickness. These conclusions provide guidelines to a future design of oceanic lidar.

Design of a high-spectral-resolution lidar for atmospheric temperature measurement down to the near ground.

In this paper, a high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL) for profiling atmospheric temperature from the ground to 10 km is proposed. A double Nd:YAG laser produces the transmitted laser at 532 nm. The backscattering lidar signal is passed through two different saturated iodine-vapor filters and thus obtains molecular scattering signals that can be employed to determine the temperature. A coaxial postposition transceiver is constructed with an off-axis aspheric reflective telescope (OART). The design of the transceiver and that of the OART are demonstrated. With this transceiver, the lidar blind zone where the overlap factor is zero can be reduced greatly, and accurate temperature measurement for full elevation can be achieved. The whole system is optimized with theoretical models based on geometrical optics and statistical error analyses. Monte Carlo simulations display the performance of the designed HSRL, showing that the all-day temperature retrieval error is better than 1.4 K from the ground to 10 km. The proposed HSRL is expected to provide more accurate atmospheric auxiliary parameters for the detection of aerosols' optical characteristics.

Multiple scattering effects on the return spectrum of oceanic high-spectral-resolution lidar.

The return spectrum of the oceanic high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL) is simulated with a semianalytic spectral Monte Carlo (MC) method. The results show that the spectrum is similar to the single scattering spectrum at the water surface but broadens with the depth due to multiple scattering. Therefore, if the non-spectral MC method that ignores the spectrum broadening is used, deviations will be introduced into the HSRL retrieval, e.g., the effective particulate 180° volume scattering function (backscatter) and lidar attenuation coefficient (attenuation). The simulation indicates that the backscatter and attenuation deviations are within 10% and 2%, respectively, when the HSRL discriminator is the iodine absorption cell, and are within 3% and 1%, respectively, when the discriminator is changed to the field-widened Michelson interferometer.

Phase function effects on the retrieval of oceanic high-spectral-resolution lidar.

A semianalytic Monte Carlo model is developed to simulate oceanic high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL) signals with multiple scattering. The phase function effects on oceanic HSRL retrieval are studied, e.g., the effective particulate 180° volume scattering function (VSF) and lidar attenuation coefficient that describe characteristics of backscatter and attenuation, respectively. The results demonstrate that the particulate backward and forward phase functions both have a significant influence on δ1, which is the relative difference between the effective and true particulate 180° VSF. The values of |δ1| are typically quite small for all phase functions at the water surface and increase with depth up to ~17% for the Fournier and Forand (FF) phase function but up to ~40% for the two-term Henyey-Greenstein (TTHG) phase function and ~75% for the one-term Henyey-Greenstein (OTHG) phase function. The reason that δ1 is not zero is due to broadening of backscattering angles from 180° caused by multiple scattering and uneven backward phase function. Also, the reason that maximum TTHG and OTHG |δ1| are larger than FF is due to less sharply increasing feature of FF in the backward direction. In addition, the particulate forward phase functions are closely related to δ2, which is the relative deviation between the lidar attenuation coefficient and the sum of the absorption and backscattering coefficients. The values of δ2 are small for all phase functions at the water surface and increase with depth up to ~12% for TTHG but up to ~26% for FF and ~31% for OTHG, due to the less peaked forward phase functions that result in more angular spread of the beam with depth and therefore result in less photons within the field of view of the lidar.

Relationship between the effective attenuation coefficient of spaceborne lidar signal and the IOPs of seawater.

Multiple scattering is an inevitable effect in spaceborne oceanic lidar because of the large footprint size and the high optical density of seawater. The effective attenuation coefficient klidar in the oceanic lidar equation, which indicates the influence of the multiple scattering effect on the formation of lidar returns, is an important parameter in the retrieval of inherent optical properties (IOPs) of seawater. In this paper, the relationships between klidar of the spaceborne lidar signal and the IOPs of seawater are investigated by solving the radiative transfer equation with an improved semianalytic Monte Carlo model. Apart from the geometric loss factors, klidar is found to decrease exponentially with the increase of depth in homogeneous waters. klidar is given as an exponential function of depth and IOPs of seawater. The mean percentage errors between klidar calculated by the exponential function and the simulated ones in three typical stratified waters are within 0.5%, proving the effectiveness and applicability of this klidar-IOPs function. The results in this paper can help researchers have a better understanding of the multiple scattering effect of spaceborne lidar and improve the retrieval accuracy of the IOPs and the chlorophyll concentration of case 1 water from spaceborne lidar measurements.

Tanshinone IIA protects against subclinical lipopolysaccharide induced cardiac fibrosis in mice through inhibition of NADPH oxidase.

Myocardial fibrosis plays a central role in the development of heart failure. It has been shown that recurrent exposure to subclinical lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increases mortality and induces cardiac fibrosis in mice, which is not mediated by the common renin-angiotensin system. LPS increased NADPH oxidase2 (NOX2) in isolated adult mouse cardiac fibroblasts and NOX2 may mediate LPS-induced cardiac fibrosis. Therefore, the current study was designed to delineate the role of NOX2 in LPS-induced fibrosis model and to investigate the preventive role of Tanshinone IIA (TIIA) on the development of cardiac fibrosis. The protective mechanism of TIIA was determined to be associated with the inhibition of NOX2, by comparing its effects with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin. The results revealed remarkable effects of apocynin and TIIA on attenuating the development of myocardial fibrosis and fibrosis-related genes and mediators. Furthermore, TIIA and apocynin decreased the expression of NADPH oxidase subunits (NOX2 and P67phox) expression and the ROS levels. The anti-fibrotic effect of apocynin suggested that NOX2 inhibition may be a potential preventive strategy for attenuating the progression of LPS-induced cardiac fibrosis. Our results demonstrate that TIIA may be a potent agent against subclinical LPS-induced cardiac fibrosis in mice partially via inhibition of NADPH oxidase 2.

Retrieving the seawater volume scattering function at the 180° scattering angle with a high-spectral-resolution lidar.

A high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL) is proposed to retrieve the seawater volume scattering function at the 180° scattering angle ßπ without the assumption of the lidar extinction-to-backscatter ratio. A field-widened Michelson interferometer is employed as the ultra-narrow spectral discriminator to reject particulate scattering and molecular Rayleigh scattering but transmit molecular Mandelshtam-Brillouin scattering. The theoretical framework to retrieve ßπ is presented in detail based on a dual-channel HSRL configuration. Simulation on the retrieval and error estimation shows that, the proposed oceanographic HSRL based on the ship or aircraft can perform well to extract the profile of ßπ and has a real potential in the oceanographic remote sensing.

Generalized high-spectral-resolution lidar technique with a multimode laser for aerosol remote sensing.

High-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL) is a powerful tool for atmospheric aerosol remote sensing. The current HSRL technique often requires a single longitudinal mode laser as the transmitter to accomplish the spectral discrimination of the aerosol and molecular scattering conveniently. However, single-mode laser is cumbersome and has very strict requirements for ambient stability, making the HSRL instrument not so robust in many cases. In this paper, a new HSRL concept, called generalized HSRL technique with a multimode laser (MML-gHSRL), is proposed, which can work using a multimode laser. The MML-gHSRL takes advantage of the period characteristic of the spectral function of the interferometric spectral discrimination filter (ISDF) thoroughly. By matching the free spectral range of the ISDF with the mode interval of the multimode laser, fine spectral discrimination for the lidar return from each longitudinal mode can be realized. Two common ISDFs, i.e., the Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) and field-widened Michelson interferometer (FWMI), are introduced to develop the MML-gHSRL, and their performance is quantitatively analyzed and compared. The MML-gHSRL is a natural but significant generalization for the current HSRL technique based on the IDSF. It is potential that this technique would be a good entrance to future HSRL developments, especially in airborne and satellite-borne aerosol remote sensing applications.

Design of the interferometric spectral discrimination filters for a three-wavelength high-spectral-resolution lidar.

We address design of the interferometric spectral discrimination (ISD) filters for a specific three-wavelength high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL) in this paper. Taking into account the strong dependence of the transmittance of the ISD filters on the incident angle of light ray, the optical path of the receiving channel with an ISD filter in HSRL is analyzed. We derive the lidar equation with the angular distribution of backscatter signal, through which Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are then carried out to obtain the optimal parameters of the ISD filters for the HSRL at 1064 nm, 532 nm and 355 nm, respectively. Comparing the retrieval errors of the MC simulations based on different ISD filters, the configuration and parameters of the best ISD filter at each wavelength are determined. This paper can be employed as a theoretical guidance during the design of a three-wavelength HSRL with ISD filters.